Top SEO Companies & Best SEO Firms in United Arab Emirates | Reviews | 2025

We are Magneto. A team of digital commerce experts working with manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers globally, turning ideas into unique customer & content-centric experiences, using a platform-agnostic approach. Since 2010, we have been architecting digital commerce solutions for our clients providing innovative solutions, managing delivery and accelerating the speed at which leading B2B, B2C, D2C and marketplace brands can scale with flexibility their online offerings. We empower enterprises with industry-leading composable commerce solutions through a range of partners which offer PIM, DAM, OMS, MDM, DEM, CRM, CX, omnichannel sales, and marketing business needs. We push ourselves. We push technology. And we push the boundaries of conventional commerce.

Pop Up Teams is the culmination of 11 years of experience in the agency field, meticulously adapted to cater to the specific requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Drawing upon a rich history of working with diverse clients, we, the team behind Pop Up Teams recognized the unique challenges faced by SMEs in navigating the ever-evolving digital marketing landscape. ‍ With a deep understanding of the intricacies involved, we crafted a tailored approach that combines the agility of Pop Up teams with the expertise of seasoned professionals. Not all businesses need SEO or extensive social media or huge budgets. At Pop Up Teams, our digital marketing framework for SMEs is founded upon years of experience and extensive market knowledge. We prioritize delivering services that directly benefit your business, aligning our efforts with your unique needs and goals. This tailored approach ensures optimal outcomes and fosters sustainable growth. With our expertise and personalized strategies, we empower businesses to thrive in the ever-evolving digital landscape.

We are a team of highly committed developers, motivated to launch the latest technological initiatives in the domain of the services and solutions that we offer. Our multi-disciplinary professional teams create different customer engagement to understand your needs and provide software solutions that scale your business and growth. GFS IT Solution team believes in the SaaS working philosophy and commits to transforming human interaction with cutting-edge technologies and exploring untapped opportunities. We are committed to altering the DNA of struggling companies and relaunching them with better business processes to scale growth. Web Development, Blockchain Development, Application Development, Metaverse, and Game Development.

Welcome to Freelance Services Firm, your premier destination for customized freelance solutions tailored to suit your individual requirements. At FS Firm, we recognize the dynamic nature of work and the growing need for flexible, skilled professionals across diverse sectors. As a leading Freelance Service Agency, we serve as the bridge between talented freelancers and clients seeking top-tier expertise. Our Mission Our mission at Freelance Services Firm is clear yet impactful: to unite clients with exceptional freelance professionals, empowering them to efficiently and effectively accomplish their objectives. We are dedicated to facilitating seamless collaboration, nurturing creativity, and driving success for both freelancers and clients. Why Choose Freelance Services Firm? Global Presence Operating globally, we offer freelance services to clients spanning various industries and regions. Whether you're a small business owner, a startup entrepreneur, or a seasoned enterprise, we've got you covered. Comprehensive Service Range From web development and graphic design to content writing and digital marketing, FS Firm provides an extensive array of freelance services to fulfill all your business needs. Our proficient pool of freelancers is equipped to deliver top-notch solutions tailored to your project specifications. Quality Assurance Recognizing the significance of quality and reliability in freelance services, we meticulously select freelancers based on their expertise, experience, and proven track record of delivering exceptional outcomes. With Freelance Services Firm, you can have confidence that your project is in capable hands. Personalized Assistance At Freelance Services Firm, customer satisfaction is our utmost priority. Our dedicated team is committed to providing personalized support and guidance at every stage. Whether you have inquiries, concerns, or specific requests, we're here to ensure your experience with us exceeds expectations.

Smartfish is a Branding and Digital Marketing Agency providing services like Branding and Advertising, Website Design and Web Development, Digital Marketing, SEO, Social Media, Graphic Design, Packaging Design, Logo Design in Ahmedabad, India.  

We're not your typical digital marketing firm. We are consultants with expertise in fostering your growth and achieving your objectives. Our crew is our greatest asset, and one of our USPs is that we complete all of the work internally. That's not to say we don't have excellent partners we can rely on, but you can't match the creativity and quality that comes from a tight-knit group of people who have been working together for a long time. Having been operating in Dubai since 2004, we have serviced clients in just about every sector. We started as a creative website agency but have since evolved into a full-service digital marketing agency including services such as SEO, SEM, Social Media, Inbound Marketing, Sales and Marketing Automation, HubSpot Management and more.

Tranetech Software Solutions is a well-established and reputed enterprise software solutions provider in Abu Dhabi since 2016. We are the leader in providing the best quality cutting-edge software solutions to our clients.

Integrate Solutions is an integrated web design & development company in Abu Dhabi UAE with extensive experience and a track record that ensures your brand connects meaningfully with your customers. We consider our clients our greatest treasure and are proud to offer them the best website design services in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Our clients in UAE have voted us the best website design, brand design, and web development company in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Contact us for Queries - +971 50 3691146,  E-mail: info@integrateitsolutions.com Website: https://www.integrateitsolutions.com/ Our Services Web Design and Development Company in Abu Dhabi Logo design and Branding Abu Dhabi Digital Marketing Service Abu Dhabi SEO Agency Abu Dhabi Printing Service Abu Dhabi Sticker design Abu Dhabi Polo T-shirt printing and Embroidery Abu Dhabi

Noble Bridge Technologies, where innovation converges with excellence to fuel your digital dreams. As a premier software and digital agency, we provide customized services to meet your unique needs. Our dedicated team of experts is committed to delivering cutting-edge solutions, propelling your business to new heights. Let's craft something extraordinary together.

Element 8 is an integrated communications agency with extensive experience and track record which was started in the year 2010 with headquarters at Dubai. Element 8 is armed with creative intelligence, original thinking, and visionary ideas.

Pixel Values Technolabs is one of the best Mobile App Development Company headquartered in India with offices in the USA and Dubai. The company holds the prestigious ISO 9001:2015 certification. We are a team of IT enthusiasts who have channelized their knowledge and expertise towards one single goal of offering through customer satisfaction. We believe in offering advanced, high quality and affordable IT solutions to support the business of our clients. We are offering: Mobile App Development Website Design and Development Cross Platform App Development AR App Development VR App Development Mobile Game Development Blockchain Software Development Digital Marketing etc.

Transform your business to digital with the best website Design and Web Development Agency in Dubai. Safcodes, best Web Agency in Dubai. Specialized in Web Design, Web Development, Mobile App Development, CMS Development, Ecommerce Development, Search Engine Optimization and Digital Marketing, and Social Media Marketing. Contact Safcodes for all kinds of Web Design and Digital Marketing Services.

iGenerate  would recommend visiting their official website or contacting them directly. Companies and service providers typically provide detailed information about their offerings, including the types of IT services they provide, such as software development, cloud computing, network management, cybersecurity, and more.

Google Ads Agency Dubai is owned and operated by Soharon located in the heart of Dubai. We immensely focus on Google Ads previously known as Google Adwords to drive the potential customer to your website with our Google ads services. We help our clients run various kinds of ads including search ads, display ads, YouTube ads, shopping ads and more to bring websites to the top of the Google results.    Why we are the best in UAE? Google Ads Agency Dubai provides an excellent and positive ROI for all the clients we work with. Providing the right solution for the business makes us one of the best digital marketing and Google ads management companies in UAE. 

Navigate to Innovation, Excellence, Creativity, and Affordability. Cretesol Tech, your Digital Marketing partner, based in UAE by adding personalized touch of your traits to your business we add life to your business story. Here at Cretesol Tech, we got an in-house team of certified geeks who are incredible in their fields. Experience high conversion rates, higher ROI and effective lead generation. We are Your Digital Wings

Bird Marketing: A Synonym for Digital Excellence Global Reach, Local Expertise – London | New York | Dubai About Us: Bird Marketing, a name synonymous with digital marketing excellence, operates as a multi-award-winning agency. Our global footprint spans across London, New York, and Dubai, where we deliver a blend of innovation and expertise. Our Services: Comprehensive Digital Marketing Solutions: Tailored to meet unique client needs, ensuring maximum impact. Global Team, Local Insights: Our diverse team brings together world-class talent, offering a fusion of global perspectives and local market understanding. Award-Winning Approach: Recognized industry-wide for our exceptional strategies and results. Why Choose Bird Marketing? Top-Tier Ratings: Consistently rated at the pinnacle of industry standards. Innovative Strategies: Forward-thinking solutions that drive success. Client-Centric Focus: Dedicated to forging lasting partnerships based on trust and measurable outcomes. Join Us: At Bird Marketing, we're not just about creating strategies; we're about crafting digital legacies. Connect with us to elevate your brand in the ever-evolving digital landscape.

BM Digital Marketing Services LLC is proud to be recognised as an official Google Partner. This prestigious designation signifies our expertise in Google Ads and our commitment to delivering outstanding results for our clients. Google Partners gives agencies access to free training and exclusive tools, as well as guidance and support to help their business clients succeed on Google. From creating great ads and keyword lists to using our reporting and optimisation tools to maximise a client’s return on their advertising investment,

RandoMize is a renowned digital marketing agency, based in UAE, that combines creativity and logic to get the best of both worlds. Our innovative minds are on a journey to help a range of multi-dimensional businesses gain quite a lot of prestige by making the most out of digital platforms and conveniently elevating their level of recognition in the market. RandoMize is one of Dubai's best digital marketing agencies because we always deliver up to our unmatched standards. Our plans are well-specified and solely dedicated to a business with great potential. We Design For Those Who Want To Design A Better Future Our team comprises stalwarts that you can trust your business with. And the good part? You get full guidance to boost your business in the right direction. Taste success with the help of one of the finest young talents in the world of digital marketing in Dubai and experience a marketing campaign like no other.

Unleash Your Brand’s Potential and Grow Your ROI with Our Passionate and Talented Team of Experts Start your digital journey with us, the best digital marketing company in Dubai offering unique strategies, for superior performance of your brand online. Grow your business, elevate your brand, unlock the online success of your business, and make sure you are always ahead of others with our digital marketing services.

Pentagon Information Technology is your one-stop destination for comprehensive IT solutions tailored to your business needs. Our services include: Web Development in Abu Dhabi: From sleek and responsive websites to complex web applications, we craft customized solutions to elevate your online presence and drive engagement. Digital Marketing and SEO Agency in Abu Dhabi: Our digital marketing experts harness the power of SEO, content marketing, and social media to boost your brand visibility, attract targeted traffic, and increase conversions. Google Ads: Maximize your online advertising ROI with our Google Ads services. We create targeted campaigns, optimize ad performance, and drive qualified leads to your business. Social Media Optimization (SMO): Engage your audience and build brand loyalty with our SMO services. We optimize your social media profiles, create compelling content, and foster meaningful interactions with your followers. Web Hosting and Email Hosting Solutions: Ensure reliability and security with our web hosting and email hosting solutions. From shared hosting to dedicated servers, we provide scalable hosting options to meet your business requirements. Partner with Pentagon Information Technology to unlock the full potential of your digital strategy. Contact us today to discuss how we can help your business thrive in the digital age.   https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/established-and-trusted-agency-in-web-services-and-seo-pentagon-information-technology-continues-to-set-a-benchmark-for-premium-services-in-uae-1033143377

Digital Gravity provides premium web design, web development, and digital marketing services for corporations and small businesses across Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and the UAE. Our goal is to assist clients in navigating the competitive online landscape. We take a strategic approach, delivering measurable results to provide comprehensive web design, web development, and digital marketing solutions from start to finish.   Our expert team of web designers and developers, digital marketers, social media specialists, graphic designers, and mobile app developers carry the hands-on experience of lifting some of the worlds most prestigious brands from the ground up. Projects we have delivered include Suzuki, Yamaha, Sephora, Palm Marina, Sharjah FDI Forum, Emaar, and many more.

Best IT Service in Dubai - Raspberry IT Services Company provides e-commerce, custom website development, CRM, and digital marketing services that drive results

NOS Digital is a versatile and thriving digital marketing agency in Dubai. We are a vibrant and adaptable team dedicated to taking your business to new heights in the online world. With a track record spanning over 8 years, we bring a wealth of experience to the table, helping businesses thrive. Our services include top-notch Web Design & Development, SEO, SMM, ASO, and a range of other digital marketing solutions. We've crafted over more than 100 websites, serving as a bridge for numerous brands to forge meaningful connections with their audiences. As a leading force in the digital world, NOS goes beyond marketing. We understand the importance of targeting the right audience and maximizing your return of investment.

DigiExpo is a leading digital marketing agency in Dubai, offering SEO, PPC, social media marketing, content marketing, and email marketing to help businesses grow online. Our expert team creates data-driven strategies to improve search rankings, boost brand visibility, and drive high-quality leads. As a trusted digital marketing agency in UAE, we provide customized digital solutions to enhance engagement, increase conversions, and maximize ROI. Whether you need effective social media campaigns, high-converting ad strategies, or powerful SEO techniques, we have you covered. Take your business to the next level with Dubai’s top digital marketing experts! Contact DigiExpo today for a tailored strategy that delivers real results.

Fatheen Technologies, a comprehensive web solutions provider, was established in the UAE. Our team includes experts in all aspects of web and mobile app development, ensuring that we deliver solutions that are ready to go live immediately. We employ professionals with diverse specialties in both web design and mobile app development. Our skilled developers possess exceptional talent to build your website or mobile application. Additionally, we have developers who specialize in implementing reliable, cost-effective, and robust technologies. Lastly, our online marketing experts can globally promote your website or mobile app from our labs.

As a software solutions company, our scope of work is distributed between IT technology, digital marketing, app development, and web development. We offer technology solutions specific to your business needs. You need a company like iTrobes to give you all the solutions, that you are looking for! With a transparent approach, diligent work style, and quick turnaround times, we’ll ensure that all your requirements are comprehensively covered.  

As a leading IT company in Dubai, We offer Custom ERP solution, SEO Service, Social Media, UI/UX design, Mobile Ap Development, Software Development, Digital Marketing, CRM Development, QA testing, Website Development, website maintenance get a quote now.

Being a leading IT firm, we are experts in taking on challenging software development projects to address expensive business problems and deliver unmatched results via creative and ground-breaking IT solutions. We at DesignBack Office are proud to provide information technology solutions that can help you grow your company. Using innovative techniques and inventiveness, our team of award-winning designers and developers creates unique solutions that go above and beyond the norm.

Omega-cst is a leading software development company in the UAE, specializing in Omega software services. We offer a unique blend of creativity, innovation, and technical expertise to provide top-notch IT solutions for businesses of all sizes. Our team of experienced professionals works tirelessly to create cutting-edge software that meets the specific needs of our clients. From custom software development to website design and mobile app development, we have the skills and experience to turn your ideas into reality. With a commitment to excellence and customer satisfaction, Omega-cst is your trusted partner for all your software development needs. Contact us today to see how we can help take your business to the next level.

Welcome to e-Idea Consultancy Services, your dedicated partner for digital excellence! Our Services: Search Engine Optimization: Elevate your online visibility and ranking with our expert Search Engine Optimization. Local SEO: Rule your local market with our tailored local SEO strategies. Social media marketing: Fuel growth and engagement through our Social Media Marketing prowess. Google Ads: Soar to the top of search results with our Google Ads campaigns. Digital Marketing Expertise: Amplify your online presence with our all-encompassing digital marketing solutions. Marketplace Optimization: Supercharge your product listings Experience a digital transformation that reshapes your business. Contact us today for expert guidance!

KBA is An Digital marketing agency offers various services like SEO, PPC Services, Website Designing and Development, Digital Marketing and Content Creation. The company has the expertise in all the marketing channels. They are experts in digital marketing and content creation. The company is an expert in all the digital marketing channels like SEO, PPC Services, Website Designing and Development, Digital Marketing and Content Creation.   Local SEO Services in Dubai UAE SEO Agency in Dubai UAE Social Media Agency in Dubai Digital Marketing Company in Dubai Content Marketing Company in Dubai Website Designing Company in Dubai Website Development Company in Dubai Branding Company in Dubai EMail Marketing Company in Dubai EMail Marketing Agency in Dubai Lead Generation Company in Dubai   PPC Google AD services in Dubai

We help you get qualified Leads with Digital marketing Services such as - Google Ads, Facebook & Instagram Ads, SMS & Email Marketing. Call +97150 3047470

BM Digital Marketing Company in Dubai is a well-established digital marketing firm with 15 years of experience across various industries. Based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, they offer a comprehensive range of services, including: SEO agency in Dubai: BM Digital specializes in optimizing websites to improve their visibility on search engines. Their team uses proven strategies to enhance organic traffic and rankings. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising agency in Dubai:: They create targeted PPC campaigns to drive relevant traffic and maximize ROI for clients. Whether it’s Google Ads or social media advertising, BM Digital tailors solutions to meet specific business goals. Social Media Marketing agency in Dubai: BM Digital knows the power of social media. They develop effective social media strategies, manage accounts, and create engaging content to connect with audiences and boost brand presence. Software Design & Development: Beyond marketing, BM Digital offers software development services. They build custom software solutions, mobile apps, and web applications to address unique business needs. Website Design company in Dubai: BM Digital crafts visually appealing and user-friendly websites. From design to development, they ensure seamless functionality and a positive user experience. With a team of 100 professionals, BM Digital Marketing Agency in Dubai is committed to delivering results.     

Three Angle Marketing specializes in comprehensive digital marketing solutions tailored to maximize online visibility, engagement, and ROI. From strategic SEO and PPC campaigns to compelling content creation and social media management, we help businesses achieve their growth objectives in the digital landscape.

Your professional digital partner in providing online solutions from developing websites, mobile applications, branding, e-marketing, SEO, copywriting and hosting services

Beyond Eris Solutions, based in Dubai, is a forward-thinking software development firm with a strong focus on AI and automation. We are passionate about driving global digital transformation by integrating the latest intelligent technologies into business processes. Our goal is to help businesses navigate and thrive in today’s fast-paced, competitive environment by providing them with the tools and strategies they need to stay ahead. Our range of services is designed to meet the diverse needs of our clients. We offer AI Transformation, where we support businesses from the development of AI-driven solutions through to ongoing maintenance. This includes everything from automation and machine learning to natural language processing, computer vision, chatbots, and neural networks. We also specialize in AI Automation, helping companies streamline their operations, boost efficiency, and cut costs. Our Digital Transformation services are tailored to help businesses embrace and integrate new technologies that drive growth and innovation. Beyond this, we offer niche solutions such as Travel Tech, which enhances hotel and flight booking experiences, and HR Tech, which modernizes human resource management. For businesses with unique challenges, we provide Custom Software Development, creating high-performance solutions that are tailored to specific industry needs.

Ijona Technologies, a leader in digital solutions, welcomes you to elevate your business journey. With over 10+ years of proven success, we empower networks, clouds, & apps. Ijona offers comprehensive IT resource augmentation and business process outsourcing with over 200 clients from 20+ countries, providing end-to-end support in web and mobile app development, resource augmentation, data management, eCommerce, and online marketing services. We proudly partner with MEGACOUNT, AWS, Veeam, Adobe, Lenovo, Logitech, Megacount, and Microsoft, while maintaining ISO certification. Serving clients in the UAE,USA, and worldwide.

We at Digital Dot are experts in PPC and SEO to help your company succeed online. Through skilled tactics and ongoing optimization, our organization is committed to increasing the value of your website and producing noteworthy outcomes. Essential Products: Improved web ranks and long-term stability are two benefits of SEO services. PPC Campaigns: Instant effect through optimized ad spend and targeted advertisements. Web design and development: Create websites that are both aesthetically pleasing and useful. Email Marketing: Reach your audience with personalized email strategies. Social Media Marketing: Enhance your brand’s visibility on social networks. Our Advantage: solutions for customized marketing. a track record of accomplishment. Monitoring and reporting on performance every month. a group of enthusiastic, strategic, and creative marketers dedicated to your success. Let's talk about how our services can enhance your company's online visibility and operations.

We are a group of unique individuals, who believe in being the best at what we do. With more than 7 years of experience in SEO and Analytics, we have built a brand that revolves around the idea of empowering our customers. The inspiring community that we have built – one that motivates us to think beyond boundaries – has helped provide our customers with services that remain unparalleled.

GCC Marketing is a Dubai-based Premium Custom Website, eCommerce & Mobile App Design and Development Agency. Founded in 2009, we are laser-focused on our client's online visibility enhancement through unique and responsive websites, mobile apps, software solutions, and our unmatched digital marketing skills. We use innovation and creativity while working with our clients in order to bring ultimate success to their businesses. We offer the following services: Corporate Branding & Logo Design Web Design & Development eCommerce / Online Stores Web Application Development Custom ERP Solutions IOS & Android mobile applications Hosting, maintenance, and support As a full-service agency, we offer a comprehensive range of expert help and advice to ensure your project runs smoothly and is delivered on budget within the timeframe. For us, our highly skilled team is our most incredible resource. GCC Marketing is a professional agency that is fully capable of transforming your business digitally in Dubai, UAE. We are excited to take you on board!!! Call us at +971 56 730 0683 or email us at info@gcc-marketing.com

Seven52 is a leading digital agency in Dubai, specializing in website design, branding, and digital marketing. We are a full-service digital agency specializing in branding, website design & development, and digital marketing. Committed to excellence and innovation, we helps businesses thrive in the digital landscape.

Web Design Glory is not your average design company; it's a dynamic creative force dedicated to sculpting exceptional digital experiences. Our team of visionary designers and tech enthusiasts collaborates passionately to transform ideas into visually striking and user-friendly websites. 

Element8 is a leading digital agency based in the vibrant city of Dubai. With a rich history of crafting digital solutions, Element8 has emerged as a trusted partner for businesses seeking excellence in web design, web development, digital marketing, mobile app development, and web application development. Our dedicated team of skilled professionals brings a wealth of experience and creativity to every project, ensuring that our clients receive top-tier solutions that meet their unique needs. With a mission to drive digital success, Element8 combines innovation, user-centric design, and cutting-edge technology to deliver exceptional results. As a forward-thinking agency, Element8 continues to shape the digital landscape, helping businesses thrive in the ever-evolving online world. We're not just a service provider; we're your strategic ally in achieving your digital goals. Discover the Element8 advantage and unlock the full potential of your digital presence.

We provide the best-in-class software solutions across a wide range of industries such as Manufacturing, Hospitality, FMCG, Education, Facility Management, Banking & Financials, Insurance and Retail. Our team of experts are dedicated in delivering customized software solutions to meet your unique needs. With our expertise and cutting-edge technology we help companies in  streamlining their businesses, simplfying processes, enhancing productivity and achieving their goals.

HatchTechs focuses on providing a range of business solutions including software development cloud services IT consulting digital marketing and BPO. Our brand activity centers around helping businesses improve efficiency through technology and innovation while offering tailored solutions that drive growth and competitiveness in a digital world.        

TOAZ Solution stands as a top digital marketing agency in Dubai, focused on propelling your business to the forefront of the digital marketplace. Our experienced professionals specialise in SEO, paid advertising, content marketing, and social media management. With a results-oriented approach, we craft tailored strategies that address your unique business needs. Let’s collaborate to boost your brand presence and drive real growth!

Best SEO Company in Dubai SEO Tech Experts stands out as the best SEO company in Dubai, leveraging cutting-edge strategies to propel businesses to the top of search engine rankings. Renowned for its tailored approach, the company adeptly crafts campaigns aligning with clients' unique needs, amplifying online visibility and driving organic traffic. Through comprehensive keyword research, on-page optimization, and link-building tactics, SEO Tech Experts delivers measurable results, fostering sustainable growth. Their seasoned team's proficiency in local SEO ensures businesses dominate within the Dubai market. With a proven track record of success, this company offers unparalleled expertise, making them the go-to choice for businesses seeking exceptional SEO solutions in the vibrant landscape of Dubai.

If you are looking for the best local SEO services in Abu Dhabi then turn to our company for professional SEO services. The specific actions that are used for your business, website, and Google My Business listing are intended to help you rank higher in the local search. First and foremost, our goal is to find niche market keywords, on-site optimization and local link building for your companies to increase traffic and sales. We offer specialised local SEO services in Abu Dhabi, and we can provide you with the best SEO services for your business. Be our partner and achieve victory in local search and attract more customers to your company.

Leap and explore The ABA Agency's strategy, where technology and design converge towards an incredible digital marketing experience. The ABA Agency is a UAE-based digital marketing company with roots in Kampala, Uganda, and expertise in multidimensional domains. Our key services are website design and development, social media marketing, search engine optimization, and paid ad management (Google, Facebook, Bing, and Yahoo ads). We are a digital marketing agency that helps outstanding businesses achieve real-world results. We deliver internet marketing solutions that satisfy the demands, business, and budget expectations of our customers by leveraging our extensive knowledge base.